dawned in the second quarter of the 19th century, and
was commonly employed for rowhouses in wealthy
neighborhoods. The rather restrained ornamentation
of this style lost favor during the mid to late 19th
century, in a period of the most exotic tastes in styles,
but regained its popularity by the 1890s. This is clearly
a case of the architects assuming responsibility as
tastemakers and artists representing an American
(or Canadian) culture, and developing a consensus
regarding suitable styles.
Italian Renaissance townhouse again became fashionable and proved equally popular as the Colonial Revival. Similarly, the Italian Renaissance country house was adapted in this country as the most acceptable alternative to the Colonial Revival.
That the Colonial Revival survived among historical styles and the Italian Renaissance did not is suggestive of the importance of nationalistic motivations in determining architectural design.
t :PHYSSIZE
The Italian Renaissance townhouse proved as
popular as the Colonial Revival in urban areas, while the country house form was adapted in America as the most acceptable alternative to the Colonial Revival. That the Colonial Revival survived among historic styles while the Italian Renaissance did not suggests the importance of nationalistic motivations in determining architectural design.architectural design..........
suggests the importance of nationalistic motivations in determining architectural design...ral design.ests the importance of national-istic motivations in determining architectural design.ign.]
R.G. Paterson House
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
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oposed an "honest" use of materials, such as glass, steel and concrete. This style is a rejection of style: purely functional design
to meet the residential requirements of its occupant....nt.nt.
Historic Stylesypes
Designers who worked in this style often failed to distinguish between architecture from the 18th century Georgian style and the early 19th century Federal style. As a result, houses in the Colonial Revival style often employed Federal Style motifs that had nothing to do with the Colonial period. Such a confusion of historic vocabulary continues to the present; unfortunately, the more imaginative interpretations have long since ceased to provide a standard for this style.....
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
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Arthur Heurtley House
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
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Historic Styles
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HOUSE DESIGN
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By the early 1900s most Victorian architectural styles were rejected, partly because of a revul-sion for mass-produced ornamentation which, because of its relatively low cost, was employed in abundance.
The Arts and Crafts movement, which started in Great Britain, was an attempt to return to the virtues of handmade materials. This movement extended beyond architecture into all of the art forms, but in terms of buildings it found its most prevalent expression in the Bungalow style and the Tudor style.
e Bungalow style and the Tudor style.
Vallonia Bungalow
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:PHYSSIZE
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
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interpretations have long since ceased to provide a standard for this style.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
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Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
International Period (1930-Present)
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By the 3d quarter of the 19th century, prevalent tastes in architectural styles left few options for designers or clients not wishing to build a house based on an historical style. This prompted them to look abroad for inspiration; the first expression of this international outlook was the Art Deco Style.
Although traditional in its use of orna-ment, this style was modern in its ornamental motifs in which the stream-lined age of machinery inspired de-sign. This style is rarely found in single family dwellings, although it was com-monly used for apartment buildings. Art Deco style was relatively short-lived and did not survive the 1940s.
In contrast, the International style rejected all ornamentation and proposed an "honest" use of materials, such as glass, steel and concrete. This style is a rejection of style: purely functional design
to meet the residential requirements of its occupant....nt.nt.
Beginning with America's Centennial Exposition of 1876, appreciation of the architecture of the Colonial period increased, especially the Georgian style. This resurrection of forms from the Colonial past was a reaction to mass immigration and social unrest of the time.
By simulating and making heroic the architec-ture of their forefathers, the new class of industrial managers could affirm their allegiance to purely American roots and simultaneously deny the multi-cultured reality which supported the emerging industrial economy.
ncipal difference between an 18th century American house and a late 19th
century Colonial Revival house was scale. ornamentation and plan of a house from the earlier heroic past did not mean, however, that people should abandon late 19th century standards of comfort. Larger rooms, higher ceilings, bathrooms, closetes, porches and large scale ornamentation were all added. The most innovative architects, however, resisted slavish imitatio of past designs. When the client was of like mind, highly original interpretation sof historical styles were produced.re produced..e produced.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
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By simulating and
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The bungalow was developed as an inexpensive house form, and was extremely popular as the prin-cipal alternative to the Colonial Revival. Its orna-mentation derived from concepts of handwrought architecture that came out of the Arts and Craft movement. Like all things in a commercial society, however, the bungalow quickly became subject to mass production for popular consumption.
In the hands of extremely talented architects, such as the Greene Brothers in California, the Arts and Crafts movement led to some of the most brilliant examples of creative design in this country.
The Tudor style may be considered as part of this movement. Original Arts and Crafts theories in Great Britain were also popular in the United States because of American identification with British culture. A variation of this style is what might be called the Cotswold style, a stone or
stucco house similar to what was built in
the region of England known as the Cotswolds..lds..... the Cotswolds.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Arts & Crafts Styles ))))0))))))
Since these early farmhouses were built by less wealthy individuals who could not afford clapboards and used shingle sheathing instead, the new designs made extensive use of shingles on the exteriors. These were often not a poor man's square cut shingle; the shingles were instead often cut in a variety of patterns and used as ornamentation.
By the late 1880s, however, most architects were designing Shingle Style houses hard to distinguish from Colonial Revival houses; the lure of Georgian ornamentation proved too strong to resist. As with so many styles, pure examples are thus difficult to discern...... discern.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
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Beginning with America's Centennial Exposition of 1876, appreciation of the architecture of the Colonial period increased, especially the Georgian style. This resurrection of forms from the Colonial past was a reaction to mass immigration and social unrest of the time.
By simulating and making heroic the architec-ture of their forefathers, the new class of industrial managers could affirm their allegiance to purely American roots and simultaneously deny the multi-cultured reality which supported the emerging industrial economy.
ncipal difference between an 18th century American house and a late 19th
century Colonial Revival house was scale. ornamentation and plan of a house from the earlier heroic past did not mean, however, that people should abandon late 19th century standards of comfort. Larger rooms, higher ceilings, bathrooms, closetes, porches and large scale ornamentation were all added. The most innovative architects, however, resisted slavish imitatio of past designs. When the client was of like mind, highly original interpretation sof historical styles were produced.re produced..e produced.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
George D. Howe House
:PHYSSIZE
By simulating and
making heroic the architecture of their forefathers, the new class of industrial managers could affirm their allegiance to purely American roots and simultaneously deny the
i-cultured reality which supported the emerging industrial economy.
multi-cultured reality which supported the emerging industrial economy.
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
colonialRevival
Since these early farmhouses were built by less wealthy individuals who could not afford clapboards and used shingle sheathing instead, the new designs made extensive use of shingles on the exteriors. These were often not a poor man's square cut shingle; the shingles were instead often cut in a variety of patterns and used as ornamentation.
By the late 1880s, however, most architects were designing Shingle Style houses hard to distinguish from Colonial Revival houses; the lure of Georgian ornamentation proved too strong to resist. As with so many styles, pure examples are thus difficult to discern...... discern.
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
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international1
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
International Period (1930-Present)
:PHYSSIZE
In contrast, the International style rejected all ornamentation and proposed an "honest" use of materials, such as glass, steel and concrete. This style is a rejection of style: purely functional design
to meet the residential requirements of its occupant....nt.nt.
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Lovell House
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Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
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The Prairie Style orginated in the work of one brilliant architect, Frank Lloyd Wright. His early work shows that his concepts of what we now call Prairie Style design originated in historical styles such as the Italian Renaissance. Wright developed concepts of residential design which, because of their emphasis on horizontality and freedom from historical motifs bor-rowed from Europe, suggested a style born of the American prairie.
Other architects of his generation, many of them brilliant in their own right, were inspired to work in this style.
It has been argued that the modern "ranch style" evolved from the Prairie Style. This comparison is superficial at best, for the true e of the Prairie Style is the freedom it allows a designer to develop ideas based on the specific requirements of the site and the needs of the client..he client..nd the needs of the client..ds of the client...the client.............eeds of the client.
brilliance of the Prairie Style is the freedom it allows a designer to develop ideas based on the specific requirements of the site and the needs of the client.Style is the freedom it allows a designer to develop ideas based on the specific requirements of the site and the needs of the client.S
:PHYSSIZE
Historic Styles
Historic Stylesypes
Categories of Houses
Late National Period Prairie Style 0))))))
Arthur Heurtley House
The principal difference between an 18th century American house and a late 19th
century Colonial Revival house was scale.
The symmetry, ornamentation and plan of a house from the earlier heroic past did not mean, however, that people should abandon new standards of comfort -- larger rooms, higher ceilings, bathrooms, closets, porches and large scale ornamentation were all added.
The most innovative architects, however, resisted slavish imitation of past designs. When the client was of like mind, highly original interpretations of historical styles were produced.
Historic Styles
Late National Period Colonial Revival (1880-Present)1900))))))))))0))))))
Categories of Houses
George D. Howe House (Detail)
:PHYSSIZE
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This peculiarly American style is an offshoot of the Colonial Revival Style. A number of America's most imaginative architects, such as William R. Emerson and H. H. Richardson, rejected an up-dated imitation of Georgian architecture in favor
of New England vernacular architecture of the Colonial period.
Instead of symmetry and extensive use of Georgian ornamentation, these architects sought inspiration from the simple, vernacular farm-houses of the period which were added on to over the years and consequently were rambling, asymmetrical structures. This in turn allowed for more open, freely developed floor plans.
hese early farmhouses were built by less wealthy individuals who could not afford clapboards and used shingle sheathing instead, the new designs made extensive use of shingles on the exteriors. Of course, these were often not a poor man's square cut shingle. Rather, the shingles were often cut in a variety of patterns and used as ornamentation. By the late 1880s, however, most architects were designing Shingle style houses that are hard to distinguish from Colonial Revival; the lure of Georgian ornamentation proved too strong to resist. As with so many styles, pure examples are thus difficult to discern...
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
John Calvin Stevens House (Detail)
:PHYSSIZE
houses were built by less wealthy individuals who could not afford clapboards and used shingle sheathing instead, the new designs made extensive use of shingles on the exteriors. Of course, these were often not a poor man's square cut shingle. Rather, the shingles were often cut in a variety of patterns and used as ornamentation. By the late 1880s, however, most architects were designing Shingle style houses that are hard to distinguish from Colonial Revival; the lure of Georgian ornamentation proved too strong to resist. As with so many styles, pure examples are thus difficult to discern...
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
:PHYSSIZE
John Calvin Stevens House
L L L 7
HOUSE DESIGN
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Formal Principles
Organizing the Parts
:PHYSSIZE
This is an example of Wright's "Solar-Hemicycle Houses." It is actually a linear plan, bent around a central garden in radial fashion. The philosophical center of the house is the sun....Q
Principles of Design
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
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shingle
John Calvin Stevens House
Categories of Houses
Historic Styles
Late National Period Shingle Style (1880-1910)nt)nt)1900))))))))))0))))))
:PHYSSIZE
Principles of Design
Formal Principles
Organizing the Parts
:PHYSSIZE
This unbuilt project by Kahn is a formal essay in how the square implies a center, either singularly or as a "society of rooms."..ion. The philosophical center of the house is the sun....
Biblio
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HOUSE DESIGN
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Formal Principles
Tuscon Barby House, Bruce Goff
The simplicity of this plan is a bit deceiving. One enters the house on the outside corner of the kind, and ascends each symmetrical half to a balcony at either end. The linear form of the house is interrupted both at the middle and the ends.
In contrast, the International style rejected all ornamentation and proposed an "honest" use of materials, such as glass, steel and concrete. This style is a rejection of style: purely functional design
to meet the residential requirements of its occupant....nt.nt.
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Lovell House
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By simulating and
making heroic the architecture of their forefathers, the new class of industrial managers could affirm their allegiance to purely American roots and simultaneously deny the
i-cultured reality which supported the emerging industrial economy.
multi-cultured reality which supported the emerging industrial economy.
(.txt)